금지된 환각제 '이보가인', 참전 용사 PTSD 치료에 효과

Ibogaine is a banned hallucinogenic drug. Scientists believe it can help veterans overcome PTSD 2 days ago Share Save Add as preferred on Google Chris Marshall Trials on veterans suggest the potent hallucinogen could provide a new treatment for PTSD, but scientists still don't know how it works. Elias Kfoury was making what he considered to be a last-ditch attempt to remedy years of deep psychological pain. Lying on his back in a clinic in Tijuana, Mexico, the former US Navy special operations medic was deep under the influence of ibogaine, a potent psychedelic taking him on an immersive journey through old memories. "I started seeing people that I recognised from pictures, old family or friends that had passed a long time ago," says Kfoury, who was medically retired in 2016. "I watched so many events from my life and felt like 'this is happening right now'." Such vivid experiences are common with ibogaine. A compound found in the roots of the African shrub iboga and traditionally used in central western African spiritual and healing ceremonies , it has been increasingly tested as a treatment for conditions ranging from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to drug addiction . But the drug is banned in many countries due to safety concerns, including in the US where it is listed as a controlled substance. And scientists are still trying to unravel how it works. Crucially, they're stuck wondering whether the drug's chemical composition or the potent psychedelic experiences are driving its seemingly life-changing, therapeutic benefits. Battle scars Twenty-one years in the military had taken a severe toll on Kfoury. He describes injuries "from head to toe". Then there were the headaches. "It just never went away," says Kfoury, who now lives in Virginia Beach, on the Atlantic Ocean in the US. A string of 12 surgical procedures did little to relieve his injuries or pain. Nor did the treatments he tried for other psychological battle scars. "I spent my childhood in war and then I found myself again as an adult in war," says Kfoury, who was born in Beirut, Lebanon, during the 1975-1990 civil war. He was diagnosed with PTSD in 2012. After leaving the military, "I just declined further and further into darkness," he says. He tried a range of medications and different types of therapy, none of which worked. It was when he was close to giving up hope that Kfoury first heard about ibogaine: a friend put him in touch with another military veteran who planned to join a study in Mexico, where ibogaine is unregulated, to investigate the drug's potential benefits for treating traumatic brain injuries and PTSD. Kfoury signed up too. When you see it for the first time, it's like magic – they take ibogaine and their withdrawal syndrome completely disappears – José Carlos Bouso Kfoury was among 30 special forces veterans from the US to travel to the clinic in Mexico and have their treatment progress monitored by researchers at Stanford University. At the clinic, groups of five veterans at a time received ibogaine pills, up to a maximum of 14 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, over three hours. Wearing eyeshades, they each lay on a mat, spread out across a large room, as the effects set in. Beforehand, participants had been coached about what to expect during the trip, which could last up to 72 hours, and they were supervised by medical staff throughout. For Kfoury, the experience was lucid, personal and deeply challenging. At one point during the twelve or so hours he was under, he says he had a cathartic conversation with himself as a child. After that one single session with ibogaine, based on participants' answers to a health questionnaire, the scientists recorded improvements in PTSD, depression and anxiety . Overall scores went from "mild-to-moderate disability" to "no-to-mild disability". A follow-up study also managed to make a direct link between the intensity of the veterans' dream-like immersive experiences and greater improvements in their PTSD symptoms , both immediately and one month after ibogaine treatment. Treatment for addiction This wasn't the first time ibogaine had been linked to health improvements. Modern scientific interest in the African ceremonial drug dates back to 1962, when a 19-year-old heroin addict, Howard Lotsof , took a single dose – given to him informally by a chemist friend – and noticed that his heroin withdrawal symptoms disappeared. Since then, there have been decades of research into ibogaine's ability to help addicts overcome cravings for substances, including opioids and cocaine. "When you see it for the first time, it's like magic – they take ibogaine and their withdrawal syndrome completely disappears," says José Carlos Bouso, a clinical psychologist and pharmacologist who has been studying psychedelics for 30 years. Understanding how ibogaine helps But scientists are still getting to grips with how ibogaine might bring about therapeutic benefits. "We don't have a clear mechanism, not nearly as good as we do for the other psychedelics," says Clayton Olash, a researcher at Stanford University's Brain Stimulation Laboratory who worked on a 2026 analysis delving further into the findings from the Mexico trial on the 30 veterans, including Kfoury. Ibogaine isn't like other psychedelic compounds. For instance, Olash points out that it doesn't interact much with 5-HT2A, a receptor that normally plays a big role in activity with other psychedelic drugs. Instead, it may have a stronger effect through other receptors such as kappa-opioid receptors, which are involved in stimulating the cells that restore the protective coating around brain nerve fibres called myelin. If ibogaine's effectiveness is due to myelination, then ibogaine could have the potential to treat the root physical damage in opioid use disorders and traumatic brain injury . Olash's work also suggests that another biological pathway likely at play involves a substance called noribogaine, which is formed when the body processes ibogaine. This compound can increase serotonin activity in the brain , according to animal studies, which may be what's contributing to the mood-stabilising effects often reported following treatment. Other research suggests that ibogaine helps the brain recover from addiction by increasing growth proteins called neurotrophins , which support brain cell growth and help brain circuits adapt and heal – a process known as neuroplasticity. The vivid experiences function like opening a window of opportunity in which people can make behavioural changes Some research suggests that chemistry is all that is needed – that the intense psychedelic experiences may not even be necessary for ibogaine's healing effects. Scientists at the University of California created a synthetic version of the drug , free of any hallucinogenic effects. Tests of the trip-free substance on rats showed it reduced alcohol and heroin-seeking behaviour, and produced antidepressant-like effects. Building on such research, some startups are working on drugs that mimic therapeutic effects without the hallucinations. On the other hand, some scientists say ibogaine's rich, subjective psychedelic experiences – and particularly the so-called "life review", where many patients re-run old scenes from their life – are central to its health effects. For Bouso, the vivid experiences function like "opening a window of opportunity in which people can make behavioural changes". In a 2017 survey of 88 patients who received ibogaine treatment in Mexico for chronic opioid use, 80% said it had helped reduce withdrawal symptoms, and more interestingly, 67% said the experience helped them unlock memories or insights into the root causes of their addiction. But it should be noted that such surveys are highly subjective. Physically, intellectually, emotionally, spiritually, every part of me was t