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MIT Tech Review • 5일 전

샌디에이고 국경서 숨진 그녀, 감시카메라는 그대로 보고 있었다

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7/10
핵심 요약

MIT Technology Review와 Times of San Diego의 공동 조사에 따르면, 2025년 9월 멕시코에서 미국으로 국경을 넘던 30세 여성 그라시엘라 고메스 에르난데스는 AI 감시탑 카메라가 7마일까지 추적할 수 있는 사각지대 없는 지역에서 실종 후 사망했다. 분석 결과 캘리포니아 국경에서 최근 4년간 최소 138명의 이민자 시신이 이들을 추적·요격하도록 설계된 감시카메라의 탐지 범위 내에서 발견됐으며, 그중 절반 이상은 지형에 가려지지 않은 카메라 시야 안에서 발견된 것이다. 10억 달러 이상 투입된 AI 기반 국경 감시 기술이 요격에는 동원되지만 조난자 구조에는 실패하고 있다는 점에서 AI 감시 시스템의 윤리적 한계를 보여주는 사례다.

번역된 본문

카메라 앞에서 죽다 - 모든 기사 보기

그녀는 몇 시간만 걸었을 뿐인데 이미 길을 잃었다. 2025년 9월 14일 이른 오후, 30세의 그라시엘라 고메스 에르난데스는 티후아나 동쪽 끝에서 국경을 넘어 캘리포니아 남부로 들어섰고, 걸으면서 어머니와 여동생에게 음성 메시지를 보냈다.

이 기사는 MIT Technology Review와 Times of San Diego가 공동으로 진행하는 '카메라 앞에서 죽다(Dying on Camera)' 시리즈의 일부다. 양 뉴스룸의 저널리스트들은 지난 1년간 국경 감시 기술의 실패를 조사하고 국경 지대에서 사망한 사람들의 이야기를 발굴해왔다.

고메스 에르난데스는 하루 전날에야 가족에게 계획을 알렸다. 캘리포니아에 도착하면 일자리를 구해 멕시코 남부에 있는 세 자녀와 부모님에게 돈을 부치고 싶었다. 맏아들은 11살로, 자전거를 사달라고 했다. 그녀는 국경 장벽에 사다리를 올라 넘었거나, 험준한 지형에 울타리가 아직 설치되지 않은 구간으로 빠져나간 것으로 보인다. 산세이지와 만자니타가 자라는 산비탈에는 수십 개의 짐승 길이 먼지 속에 나 있었다. 이것은 오타이 산(Otay Mountain) 야생지역을 통과하는 하이킹의 첫 구간이었다.

샌디에이고 동쪽 끝은 불과 1마일 거리지만, 수많은 이민자들은 국경순찰대를 피해 산속으로 북쪽으로 10~20마일을 걸어 검문소가 적은 작은 마을과 먼 고속도로로 나온다.

오후 2시에서 3시 사이, 여동생에 따르면 고메스 에르난데스는 어머니에게 마지막 메시지를 보냈다. "더 이상 못 하겠어." 그녀는 전화기에 대고 속삭였다.

2주 뒤 법의학팀이 시신을 수거하러 왔을 때, 그녀의 몸 대부분은 이미 땅속으로 사라진 상태였다.

그녀는 홀로 죽었지만, 엄밀히 말하면 혼자가 아니었다. 그녀는 세계에서 가장 집중적으로 감시되는 땅의 한 구역에 있었다.

죽기 전 고메스 에르난데스는 왓츠앱 메시지에서 머리 위로 헬리콥터가 뜨고, 아래 도로에서 흰색 국경순찰대 트럭이 주기적으로 순찰을 도는 것이 보인다고 가족에게 말했다. 요원들 중 누구도 그녀를 보지 못했거나 위험에 처했다는 것을 알지 못했더라도, 다른 무언가는 그녀를 또렷이 보고 있었다. 인근 언덕 꼭대기에서 영토 전체를 감시하는, 가늘고 회색빛 감시탑이었다.

2019년부터 설치된 이 제너럴 다이내믹스(General Dynamics)제 감시탑은 5~7마일 거리의 표적을 추적할 수 있는 장거리 렌즈를 갖춘 전광학(optical) 및 적외선 카메라 두 세트를 자랑한다. 고메스 에르난데스는 불과 1마일 거리에 있었다.

감시탑은 최근 몇 년간 급격히 늘었다. 시공업체들은 국경 통과자를 다른 사람이나 동물과 구별하고 이동을 추적하는 인공지능(AI)을 활용한 신형 카메라 시스템을 추가했으며, 총 비용은 10억 달러를 넘는다. 그러나 카메라가 지형을 훑는 동안에도 이민자들은 카메라가 보는 앞에서 계속 죽어가고 있다.

지난 20년간 수천 명의 이민자가 국경을 넘다가 사망했으며, 그중 다수는 국경순찰대 감시 설비 근처에서 숨졌다. 이 현상은 샌디에이고 바로 외곽의 오타이 산 야생지역에서 특히 두드러진다.

Times of San Diego의 분석에 따르면 캘리포니아 국경을 따라 수백 건의 사례—최근 4년간 최소 138건—에서 이민자 유해가 이들을 추적하고 요격하도록 설계된 바로 그 카메라의 탐지 범위 안에서 발견됐다. MIT Technology Review 조사의 일환으로 실시된 지형 분석에 따르면, 이들 유해의 절반 이상은 지형이 시야를 가리지 않아 카메라가 사람을 또렷하게 볼 수 있는 지점에서 발견된 것으로 추정됐다.

이민자 중 일부는 국경 장벽에서 추락하거나 운하·강에서 익사하는 등 빠르게 죽었다. 하지만 수십 명은 야생지역에서 노출로 인해 서서히 죽어갔으며, 응급 구조가 이루어졌다면 막을 수 있었던 죽음이었다.

남부 캘리포니아에서 사망한 사람들은 국경 바로 건너에서 온 사람도, 아프리카에서 온 사람도 있었다. 70대부터 5세 아이까지 있었고, 더위에도, 추위에도 죽었다. 그러나 그들은 모두 감시카메라의 탐지 범위 안에서 죽었다.

2023년 7월에 발견된 사례: 브라질 출신 36세 여성 마르시아 두트라…(원문 중단)

원문 보기
원문 보기 (영어)
Dying on Camera View all stories She had only walked for a couple of hours, and already she was lost. It was early afternoon on Sept. 14, 2025, when 30-year-old Graciela Gómez Hernández crossed the border from the eastern edge of Tijuana into Southern California, sending voice messages to her mother and sister as she walked. This story is part of Dying on Camera , a collaboration between MIT Technology Review and Times of San Diego . Journalists in both newsrooms spent the past year examining the failures of border surveillance technology and uncovering the stories of the people who die in the borderlands . Gómez Hernández did not tell her family about her plan until the day before. Once she arrived in California, she hoped to work and send money back to her three children and her parents in southern Mexico. Her oldest son, age 11, had asked for a bicycle. She either climbed a ladder over the border wall or slipped through a section in steep terrain where fencing has yet to be built. Dozens of game trails cut through the dust on hillsides of sagebrush and manzanita. It was the first segment of a hike through the Otay Mountain Wilderness. The eastern edge of San Diego is just a mile away, but countless migrants hike 10 or 20 miles north through the mountains to evade the Border Patrol, emerging in smaller towns and on distant highways with fewer checkpoints. Between 2 and 3 p.m., her sister said, Gómez Hernández sent a final message to her mother. “I can’t do it anymore,” she whispered into her phone. By the time a forensic crew came to collect her, two weeks later, most of her body had disappeared into the earth. She died on her own, but she was not, strictly speaking, alone. She was in one of the most heavily surveilled strips of land in the world. Before she died, Gómez Hernández told her family in a WhatsApp message that she could see helicopters overhead and white Border Patrol trucks making periodic laps on the road below. And even if none of those agents saw her or knew she was in distress, something else had a clear view. Supervising the whole territory, from a nearby hilltop, was a slender gray surveillance tower. That tower, made by General Dynamics and in place since 2019, boasts two sets of electro-optical and infrared cameras with long-range lenses that can track targets 5 to 7 miles away. Gómez Hernández was just one mile away. Surveillance towers have proliferated in recent years, as contractors added newer camera systems that use artificial intelligence to distinguish border-crossers from other people and animals, and track their movements, at an overall cost of more than a billion dollars. Yet as the cameras scan the terrain, migrants continue to die in plain sight. Thousands of migrants have died while crossing the border in the past two decades, many of them near to Border Patrol surveillance installations. But the phenomenon is especially pronounced in the Otay Mountain Wilderness, just outside San Diego. A Times of San Diego analysis counted hundreds of cases along the California border—including at least 138 in the past four years—where migrants’ remains were found within the range of the very cameras designed to help track and intercept them. A topographical analysis conducted as part of an MIT Technology Review investigation estimated that more than half of these remains were found in a spot where a camera would have a clear view of a person, without terrain blocking the line of sight. Some of these migrants died swiftly, falling from the border wall or drowning in a canal or river. But dozens suffered slow deaths of exposure in the wilderness, deaths that might have been averted with emergency aid. People who died in Southern California came from just across the border, or from as far away as Africa. They were as old as 70 and as young as 5. They died in the heat or the cold. But they all died within range of a surveillance camera. Found in July 2023: Marcia Dutra, a 36-year-old woman from Brazil who likely died of heat exposure next to a border fence. According to a medical examiner’s report, a group of migrants told the Border Patrol about her body when they were apprehended. An AI-equipped surveillance tower sits 2,000 feet northeast above the edge of a plateau, out of sight of the slope where she was found. Found in February 2024: Elvi Vasquez Bortolon, a 28-year-old Mexican man who died of suspected hypothermia on a ridge near the border wall. He had been dead for more than five days when a Border Patrol agent in a helicopter spotted his body from above. A remote video tower stands about 1,400 feet away, hidden from view by the ridge above the canyon. Found in August 2024: Ramón Montenegro, a 51-year-old man from Mexico who died of possible heatstroke in the mountains near Dulzura. An AI surveillance tower, invisible on the other side of a hill, sits 1,300 feet away — roughly the length of the parking lot at the San Diego Zoo. More than 120 surveillance towers stand along the California border, according to documents and live observations collected by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. The towers are not the only form of surveillance in the region. The border is blanketed by an interconnected network of trail cameras, underground movement detectors, radar, infrared sensors, drones, and even blimps. In March 2025, the Trump administration directed the Department of Defense to use satellites to watch the border as well. Even when mountains or vegetation block a tower’s view, other devices may pick up the trail. Local advocates say surveillance technology in the Otay Mountain Wilderness is almost unavoidable. Officials say the towers particularly excel at tracking passing migrants. Anduril, the company that makes about half the towers now installed at the U.S.-Mexico border, said in a news release in 2024 that their towers “directly contributed to saving lives and stopping illicit drugs from entering the U.S.” In June 2026, the company said its installations had “autonomously identified hundreds of thousands of border crossings.” John Morris, a Border Patrol sector chief in Arizona, told media at a convention in May 2026 that “We’re dang close to pretty much knowing everything that comes across.” The proximity of so many deaths to high-resolution cameras leaves two distinct possibilities: Either the system didn’t detect these people in distress, or it did detect them—and officials offered no response. Anduril, the defense contracting company that manufactures the AI-enabled towers, did not respond to questions from Times of San Diego about the towers’ performance in mountainous terrain. A representative of General Dynamics, which made the tower closest to Gómez Hernández’s body, referred all questions to the Border Patrol. The Border Patrol did not respond to questions from Times of San Diego regarding whether surveillance towers spotted Gómez Hernández prior to her death, or about how surveillance cameras in general are used to detect people in emergency situations. Rafael Hernández Larraenza, the leader of a search and rescue group, Desert Angels, says he believes some of the towers are “just adornment,” and are not actually effective at tracking migrants. He also says that Border Patrol agents, in occasional meetings with his search group, “say they don’t have the opportunity to do searches, that they don’t have enough time.” People in need of rescue “are not a priority,” said Bryce Peterson, who compiles research on migrant remains for the advocacy group No More Deaths. A wilderness, heavily watched From the spot where Graciela Gómez Hernández’s body was found, a surveillance tower stands in clear view. That tower is one mile away. A second, newer tower, on the other side of a hill, sits 1.4 miles away. Both are equipped with slow-spinning, long-range cameras. The closer of these two towers is situated between two layers of border fencing, a long pole, over 100 feet tall, reaching into the sky. It peers not only onto